Difference in occupational prestige of first and last 
job, current job in case of respondents still working.
1: Upward mobility
   a: some upward mobility
   b: substantial upward mobility
0: No upward mobility (reference group)

SOME UPWARD MOBILITY (vs no upward mobility)

Males

Females

MUCH UPWARD MOBILITY (vs no upward mobility)

Males

Females

B's controled for:
- current age
- parental history
- marital history
- early retirement

Difference in occupational prestige of first and last 
job.
0: No upward mobility (reference)
1: Upward mobility
   1a: Small upward mobility
   1b: Large upward mobility

SMALL UPWARD MOBILITY (vs no upward mobility)

Males

Females

B's controled for
-age
-parental history
-retirement career (exit age)

LARGE UPWARD MOBILITY 9vs no upward mobility)

Males

Females

B's controled for
-age
-parental history
-retirement career (exit age)

Upward mobility has no impact on happiness of men, 
but a negative impact on happiness of women.

Closed question on the general standing of expected 
future business or profes- sion: below average / 
average / good / excellent.

Unaffected by scoial class

Middle and upper class          : G = +.22
Lower class                     : G = +.09

Discrepancy between the respondent's S.E.S. and his 
father's S.E.S.

Both upward and downward social mobility are 
unrelated to happiness.

Intergerational earnings elasticity: Dependency of 
one's own life-time income to parental income based on 
a farther son comparison. 

Value 0 denotes no dependency between between parent 
and child outcomes, value -1 denotes complete 
dependency between parent and child outcomes.

Intergenerational earnings elasticity is based on the 
theoretical framework by Becker and Tomes (1979)

All individuals

Political conservative individuals

Political leftist individuals

B's are controlled for:
- National net income per capita
- Individual demographic factors
- Individual socio-economics factors

Additionally controlled for perceived social 
mobility, all individuals

B +1.2 means that complete dependency between 
parent and child outcomes in nation goes with -1.2 
points less happiness on the scale 0-10 compared 
to complete no income mobility

Interaction of labour market mobility and market 
income inequality. Individuals are the most happy 
in countries:
- with low income mobility and high income 
inequality 
- with high income mobilty and low income 
inequality

Interaction term of labour market mobility and 
final income inequality does not affect happiness

Intergenerational transmission of education: Dependency 
of student's educational attainment of her 
parents'education. Educational mobility is approximated 
by the difference between the mean student test score 
in the high-education-family-background-subsample and 
that in the 
medium-level-of-parental-education-subsample. 

Negative values indicate educational immobility, values 
close to zero denote educational mobility.

Data: PISA 2003 student performance data in Mathematics 
and the information on family background.

Difference with MOTHER's education, All

- conservative individuals only

- leftist individuals only

Difference with FATHER's education, All Ss

- conservative individuals only

- leftist individuals only

B's are controlled for:
- National net income per capita
- Individual demographic factors
- Individual socio-economics factors

B additionally controlled for:
- perceived social mobility in society
- difference with mother's education

Additionally controlled for:
- perceived social mobility in society
- difference with father's education

Mobility is difference between social class of father 
in 1929 and own class in 1958.
1. Downwardly or non-mobile.
2. Upwardly mobile.

Mobile Ss only.

No difference in current happiness (T2).

Slight difference in recalled happiness at earlier 
ages.
Upwardly mobile recall less happiness in youth 
than non-mobile and downwardly mobile.

Single direct question on living situation 
compared with parent's :
better now/the same/worse now

% happy:
- better now 72
- the same   72
- worse now  60

Discrepancy between the respondent's S.E.S. and his 
father's S.E.S.

Both upward and downard social mobility are 
unrelated to happiness.

Difference in occupational prestige of first and last 
job, current job in case of respondents still working.
1: Upward mobility
   a: some upward mobility
   b: substantial upward mobility
0: No upward mobility (reference group)

SOME UPWARD MOBILITY (vs no upward mobility)

Males

Females

MUCH UPWARD MOBILITY (vs no upward mobility)

Males

Females

B's controled for:
- current age
- parental history
- marital history
- early retirement

Difference in occupational prestige of first and last 
job.
0: No upward mobility (reference)
1: Upward mobility
   1a: Small upward mobility
   1b: Large upward mobility

SMALL UPWARD MOBILITY (vs no upward mobility)

Males

Females

B's controled for
-age
-parental history
-retirement career (exit age)

LARGE UPWARD MOBILITY 9vs no upward mobility)

Males

Females

B's controled for
-age
-parental history
-retirement career (exit age)

Upward mobility has no impact on happiness of men, 
but a negative impact on happiness of women.

Combination of family income and the educational 
attainment of the family head:
1. both low
2. intermediate level
3.        ,,
4.        ,,
5. both high

6. relatively low income and relatively
   high education
7. relatively high income and low
   education

0 inconsistent:
  6.        M=5.2   Mt'=7.0
  7.        M=5.7   Mt'=7.8
1 consistent
  1. (low)  M=5.3   Mt'=7.2
  2.        M=5.3   Mt'=7.2
  3.        M=5.6   Mt'=7.7
  4.        M=5.5   Mt'=7.5
  5. (high) M=5.6   Mt'=7.7

Combination of family income and the educational 
attainment of the family head:
1. both low
2. intermediate level
3.         ,,
4.         ,,
5. both high

6. relatively low income and relatively
   high education
7. relatively high income and
   relatively low eduaction

1. (low)    M=5.0   Mt'=6.7
2.          M=5.3   Mt'=7.2
3.          M=5.4   Mt'=7.3
4.          M=5.5   Mt'=7.5
5. (high)   M=5.7   Mt'=7.8

6.          M=5.2   Mt'=7.0
7.          M=5.4   Mt'=7.3

ß controlled for sociodemographic variables (age,
family income, education, race, sex).

ß controlled for sociodemographic variables and 8
criterion satisfactions (fun and enjoyment, 
physical needs met, yourself, how fairly treated, 
develop self, interesting daily life, adjust to 
changes, financial security)

Combination of family income and the educational 
attainment of the family head:
1. both low
2. intermediate level
3.        ,,
4.        ,,
5. both high

6. relatively low income and relatively
   high education
7. relatively high income and 
   relatively low education

1. (low)    M=5.4   Mt'=5.5
2.          M=5.8   Mt'=6.0
3.          M=5.9   Mt'=6.1
4.          M=6.3   Mt'=6.6
5. (high)   M=6.7   Mt'=7.1

6.          M=5.7   Mt'=5.9
7.          M=6.2   Mt'=6.5

1. (low)    M=4.8   Mt'=4.8
2.          M=5.1   Mt'=5.1
3.          M=5.4   Mt'=5.5
4.          M=5.9   Mt'=6.1
5. (high)   M=6.2   Mt'=6.5

6.          M=5.3   Mt'=5.4
7.          M=5.7   Mt'=5.9

Discrepancy between level of school education and 
actual occupational status.

Over-achievement : G = +.02 (ns)
Under-achievement: G = +.07 (ns)

Difference between educational level and occupational 
level.

Positive relationship with over-achievement (ns).
Negative relationship with under-achievement (ns). 
Only among those of medium education the 
underachievers are significantly less happy (05).

25-item test containing questions on income, status, 
working hours, require- ments, etc. of different 
occupations (Job Information Test).

Response to single question:
"Last week how often did you think about .…Getting 
ahead"

Rated: not at all / sometimes / often

High S.E.S  : G' = -.06 (ns)
Low S.E.S.  : G' = +.01 (ns)

7-item index of closed questions indi- cating 
preference for: no one to boss me, don't have to work 
too hard, clean job, not a lot of responsibility, lot 
of free time, high prestige, and not learning a lot of 
new things.

6-item index of closed questions indi- cating 
preference for: steady job, learning new things, good 
chances for getting ahead, good pay, using one's 
skills, nice friendly people.

13-item index of closed questions indi- cating 
preference or "a job that doesn't bug me" and 
preference for "a job that pays off".

6-item index of forced choice statements measuring 
wheter a person tends to evaluate success in terms of 
how far a person has come (downward anchorage) or in 
terms of how far a person has to go before he reaches 
the top of his career (upward anchorage).
(Career-Anchorage Scale; see Tausky & Dubin, 1965).
0= downward answer
1= upward answer
Range 0 -6

Self report on single question. Question not reported.

B controlled for satisfaction with:
-Health
-Home
-Residential environment
-Friends and acquaintances
-Education
-Financial resources
-Dutch society
-Government

B controlled for:
-Employment
-Age
-Household composition
-Satisfaction with:
 -Health
 -Home
 -Friends and acquaintances
 -Financial resources
 -Dutch society