Gender equality in nations

Share in income   Education  Marriage rights  Profesional-participation  Political-participation   Life-expectancy    Happiness  Physical integrity   Family code    Ownnership rights    Public space
Estesindex    Gender empowerment measure (GEM)    Gender-related development index (GDI)     Sige index   OECD index (GID)

Aspects

Variable Measurement Era SPSS code N Source
Women's l marriage rights A: Women's consent required for marriage.
B Equal rights with respect to a) inheritance, b) property, c) divorce.
A+B sumscore using the following weights:  yes +1, no equal rights -1, no consent for marriage -2, missing 0
 1990-2000 GenderEqualMarriage_1990s 97 IPPF 2000
Women’s share in income % Earned by women. Concerns money-incomes earned on market only, not incomes from self raised food. As such, comparison between 1rst and 3rd world nations is dubious. Further, high shares in earnings can imply exploitation (lazy husbands) rather than equality. 198?-94 GenderEqualIncome1_1990 65 UN HDR 1995 table 3.5
1995-97 GenderEqualIncome1_1995.97 70
ratio male/female earned income 2000 GenderEqualIncome2_2000 66 UN-HDR 2002 table 23
2005 GenderEqualIncome2_2005 163 UN-HDR 2007 table 29
Education equality Sex-ratio in tertiary school 1990 GenderEqualSchooling1_1990 67 UN-HDR 1995 table A21.1
1998 GenderEqualSchooling1_1998 57 ??
% women in university 1984 GenderEqualSchooling2_1984 74 Kurian 1992 t 204
Professional participation of women % women in technical/professional jobs 1992 GenderEqualWork1_1992 64 UN-HDR 1995 table 3.5
1997 GenderEqualWork1_1997 103 UN-HDR 1999 table 3
2000 GenderEqualWork1_2000 71 UN-HDR 2002 table 23
2005 GenderEqualWork1_2005 98 UN-HDR 2007 table 29
% female administrators and managers 1992 GenderEqualWork2_1992 65 UN-HDR 1995 table 3.5
1997 GenderEqualWork2_1997 102 UN-HDR 1999 table 3
2000 GenderEqualWork2_2000 69 UN-HDR 2002 table 23
2005 GenderEqualWork2_2005 94 UN-HDR 2007 table 29
Female economic activity as % of male rate 1998 GenderEqualWork3_1998 163 UN-HDR 1999 table 3
2000 GenderEqualWork3_2000 162 UN-HDR 2002 table 23
2005 GenderEqualWork3_2005 167 UN-HDR 2007 table 29
Political participation of women % women on parliamentary seats 1994 GenderEqualPolitic1_1994 62 UN-HDR 1995 table 3.5
1995-97 GenderEqualPolitic1_1996 69 UN-HDR 1998 table 3
1997 GenderEqualPolitic1_1997 147 UN-HDR 1999 table 3
2000 GenderEqualPolitics1_2000 149 UN-HDR 2002 table 23
2005 GenderEqualPolitics_2005 159 UN-HDR 2007 table 29
Year women received right to vote 1900s GenderEqualPolitict2 88 UN-HDR 2001 table 25
Year women received right to stand for election 1900s GenderEqualPolitic3 88 UN-HDR 2001 table 25
Life-expectancy Relative to men (males = 100) 1970 GenderEqualLongevity_1970 86 UN-HDR 1995 table A2-6
1992 GenderEqualLongevity_1990 86 UN-HDR 1995 table A2-6
Women's happiness Relative to men (males = 100) 1990s GenderEqualHappiness1_90s 84 ratio ls10f_90s to  ls10m_90s
Absolute difference in average happiness with men (question type O-LS) 1990s GenderEqualHappiness2_90s 84 ls10f_90s minus ls10m_90s
  Absolute difference in average happiness with men (question type O-HL) 1990-2004 GenderEqualhappiness3_1990-2004 68 Kageyama 2009
Violation of women's physical integrity Index of 1) existence of legislation punishing atcs of violence against women (3 components) 2) estimated prevalence of female genital mutilation (in %) 1990s GenderPhysicalIntegrity_1990s 122 Jutting et. al. 2006, Annex
Discrimination of women in family code Index of: 1) average age of marriage, 2) % women married before age 20, 3) unilateral termination of marriage by a husband's repudiation of his wife, 4) inheritance practices in favour of male heirs, 5) prevalence of polygamy, 6) greater male parental authority over children 1990s GenderFamilyCode_ 1990s 117 Jutting et. al. 2006, Annex
Discrimination of women in public space Index of: 1) requirement that women wear a veil in public 2) limitations to women's freedom to move in public
0 = no restriction, 1 = discrimination 		1990s GenderPublic_1990s 122 Jutting et. al. 2006, Annex
Discrimination of women in ownership rights Index of: 1) women's right to own land, 2) women's access to bank loans, 3) women's right to own property other than land
0 = no discrimination, 1 = discrimination 		1990s GenderOwnershipRights_1990s 117 Jutting et. al. 2006, Annex

Indexes

Variable Measurement Era SPSS code N Source
Estes' Women status index Part of Index of Social Progress: 1) % age eligible girls attending first level schools (+), 2) % children in primary schools: girls (+), 3) % adult female illiteracy (-), 4) Years since women suffrage (+), 5) Years since women suffrage equal to man (+) 1980 GenderEqualIndex1_1980 47 Estes 1984: table 5-1
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Index of 1) % women in parliament, 2) woman's professional participation 3) womens's share of income

 1990-94 GenderEqualIndex2_1990.04 65 UN-HDR 1995 table 3.5
1997 GenderEqualIndex2_1997 103 UN-HDR 1999 table 3
2005 GenderEqualIndex2_2005 92 UN-HDR 2007 table 26
 SIGE index Based on: 1) relative female/male access to eduction, 2) relative female/male longevity, 3) relative female/male labour market participation, 4) female share in administrative and management positions, 5) female share in parliament 1995 GenderEqualindex3_1995 70 Dijkstra 2000, Appendix table
Gender-related Development Index (GDI) male/female ratio of: 1)life expectancy, 2) education, 3) income 2000 GenderEqualIndex4_2000 86 UN-HDR 2002 table 22
2004 GenderEqualIndex4_2004 100 UN-HDR 2006 tabele 24
2007 GenderEqualIndex4_2007 102 UN-HDR 2009 table J
OECD index of women's discrimination in social institutions

Index of women's discrimination in: 1) family, 2) public places, 3) ownership rights, 4) physical integrity
Arithmetic mean of variables Gender..FamilyCode, Public, OwnnershipRights and Physicalintegrity

1990s GenderInstitutionsIndex_1990s 117 Jutting et. al. 2006, Annex
ISD index of gender equality Index of: 1) attitudes to gender equality, 2) perceived equality, 3) actual m/f ratio's 1988-1992 GenderEqualIndex5_1990 157 ISD database
2008-2010 GenderEqualIndex5_2010 171
Related variables:
Related topics:
Human rights		 Related themes:
Inequality

States of Nations is an inventory of country characteristics. It is part of the World Database of Happiness

Keywords added: Cross-national, Culture, Woman emancipation, Freedom, Equal rights, Discrimination